![]() The selection of the technique depends on the information required and the nature of the measurement specimen. There are many techniques used to measure residual stresses, which are broadly categorised into destructive, semi-destructive and non-destructive techniques. Both methods can increase lifetime of constructions significantly.Ī diagram comparing residual stress measurement techniques, showing the measurement length scale, penetration, and level of destruction to the measured component. Depth of compressive residual stress varies depending on the method. In certain types of gun barrels made with two tubes forced together, the inner tube is compressed while the outer tube stretches, preventing cracks from opening in the rifling when the gun is fired.Ĭommon methods to induce compressive residual stress are shot peening for surfaces and High frequency impact treatment for weld toes. As a result, the solid globule is extremely tough, able to be hit with a hammer, but if its long tail is broken, the balance of forces is upset, causing the entire piece to shatter violently. A demonstration of the effect is shown by Prince Rupert's Drop, a material-science novelty in which a molten glass globule is quenched in water: Because the outer surface cools and solidifies first, when the volume cools and solidifies, it "wants" to take up a smaller volume than the outer "skin" has already defined this puts much of the volume in tension, pulling the "skin" in, putting the "skin" in compression. Due to the residual compressive stress on the surface, toughened glass is more resistant to cracks, but shatter into small shards when the outer surface is broken. ![]() In toughened glass, compressive stresses are induced on the surface of the glass, balanced by tensile stresses in the body of the glass. The difference in residual stress between the harder cutting edge and the softer back of the sword gives such swords their characteristic curve. The manufacture of some swords utilises a gradient in martensite formation to produce particularly hard edges (notably the katana). To cause brittle fracture by crack propagation of the initial crack, the external tensile stress must overcome the compressive residual stress before the crack tips experience sufficient tensile stress to propagate. This causes the initial crack to enlarge quickly (propagate) as the surrounding material is overwhelmed by the stress concentration, leading to fracture.Ī material having compressive residual stress helps to prevent brittle fracture because the initial crack is formed under compressive (negative tensile) stress. When an external tensile stress is applied to the material, the crack tips concentrate stress, increasing the local tensile stresses experienced at the crack tips to a greater extent than the average stress on the bulk material. The predominant mechanism for failure in brittle materials is brittle fracture, which begins with initial crack formation. In particular, brittle materials can be toughened by including compressive residual stress, as in the case for toughened glass and pre-stressed concrete. While uncontrolled residual stresses are undesirable, some designs rely on them. The stress variation through a stack of thin film materials can be very complex and can vary between compressive and tensile stresses from layer to layer. Another example occurs during semiconductor fabrication and microsystem fabrication when thin film materials with different thermal and crystalline properties are deposited sequentially under different process conditions. When the finished weldment cools, some areas cool and contract more than others, leaving residual stresses. Heat from welding may cause localized expansion, which is taken up during welding by either the molten metal or the placement of parts being welded. Residual stresses can result from a variety of mechanisms including inelastic ( plastic) deformations, temperature gradients (during thermal cycle) or structural changes ( phase transformation). However, unintended residual stress in a designed structure may cause it to fail prematurely. For example, laser peening imparts deep beneficial compressive residual stresses into metal components such as turbine engine fan blades, and it is used in toughened glass to allow for large, thin, crack- and scratch-resistant glass displays on smartphones. Residual stress may be desirable or undesirable. In materials science and solid mechanics, residual stresses are stresses that remain in a solid material after the original cause of the stresses has been removed. ![]() Residual stress in a roll-formed hollow structural section causes it to gape when cut with a band-saw.
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